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a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by a failure to secrete enough insulin, or, in some cases, the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced. It affects the way the body metabolizes, or uses, digested food to make glucose, the main source of fuel for the body.

There are 3 types of diabetes:

type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system destroy the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in no or a low amount of insulin. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily in order to live.

type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a result of the body’s inability to make enough, or to properly use, insulin. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet, exercise, and weight loss, or may require oral medications and/or insulin injections.

gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women who have not had diagnosed diabetes in the past. It results in the inability to use the insulin that is present and usually disappears after delivery. Gestational diabetes may be controlled with diet, exercise, and attention to weight gain. Women with gestational diabetes may be at higher risk for type 2 diabetes later in life.

Symptoms of diabetes –

Frequent urination

Excessive thirst

Extreme hunger

Unusual weight loss

Increased fatigue

Irritability / moodiness

Blurry vision

Cuts or sores that are slow to heal

Itchy skin, yeast infections

Leg pain

Dry mouth

Parts of the body it affects –

eye problems and blindness, heart disease, stroke, neurological problems, kidney failure requiring dialysis, amputation, and impotence.

Because diabetes (with the exception of gestational diabetes) is a chronic, incurable disease that affects nearly every part of the body, contributes to other serious diseases, and can be life threatening, it must be managed under the care of a physician throughout a person’s life.

Treatments –

The treatment of diabetes is highly individualized, depending on the type of diabetes, whether you have other active medical problems, whether you have complications of diabetes, and your age and general health at time of diagnosis.

Type 1 diabetes

Treatment of diabetes almost always involves the daily injection of insulin, usually a combination of short-acting insulin such as regular or Lispro or Aspart insulin and a longer acting insulin such as NPH, lente, glargine, detemir, or ultralente insulins.

Insulin must be given as an injection. If taken by mouth, insulin would be destroyed in the stomach before it could get into the blood where it is needed.

Insulin is usually given in 2 or 3 injections per day, generally around mealtimes. Dosage is individual and is tailored by the health care provider. Longer acting insulins are typically administered 1 or 2 times per day.

Some people have their insulin administered by continuous infusion pumps to provide adequate blood glucose control.

It is very important to eat if you have taken insulin, as the insulin will lower your blood sugar regardless of whether you have eaten. If you take insulin without eating, you could have hypoglycemia. This is called an insulin reaction.

Eating a consistent, healthy diet appropriate for your size and weight is essential in controlling your blood sugar level.

Type 2 diabetes

Depending on how elevated your blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin are at the time of your diagnosis, you may be given a chance to lower your blood sugar level without medication.

The best way to do this is to lose weight if you are obese and begin an exercise program.

This will generally be tried for 3-6 months, and then your blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin will be rechecked. If they remain high, you will be started on an oral medication, usually a sulfonylurea or biguanide (Metformin), to help control your blood sugar level.

Even if you are on medication, it is still important to eat a healthy diet, lose weight if you are overweight, and engage in moderate physical activity as often as possible.

It is becoming more common for people with type 2 diabetes to take a combination of oral medication and insulin injections to control blood sugar levels.

Keep daily records of your blood sugar levels, the times you checked the levels, when and how much insulin or medication you took, when and what you ate, and when and for how long you exercised.

Attend diabetes education classes, the more educated you are about your disease, the better you are likely to do.

Regular visits to your primary care provider: If you are on insulin, you should see your health care provider about every 3 months or more often. For other diabetics, every 3-6 months is generally adequate, unless you are having problems.

Recognize low blood sugar levels and know how to treat them: You and your family should be taught how to recognize the signs and symptoms of low blood sugar levels. You should have a clear plan for treating low blood sugar levels and when to call 911. Mild symptoms include confusion and sweating. These symptoms progress to lethargy, agitation (sometimes with violent, jerking motions), or even seizures.

Diabetes can’t spread. Preventative actions –

No way yet to prevent type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes, however, can be prevented in some cases.

Control weight to normal or near-normal levels by eating a healthy low-fat, high-fiber diet.

Regular exercise is crucial to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Keep alcohol consumption low.

Quit smoking.

If you have high blood fat levels (such as high cholesterol) or high blood pressure, take your medication as directed.

Lifestyle modification and/or certain medications can be used in people with prediabetes to prevent progression to diabetes. Prediabetes can be diagnosed by checking fasting glucose and 2 hours after ingesting 75 grams of glucose.

If you already have diabetes, your focus should be on preventing the complications, which can cause serious disabilities such as blindness, kidney failure requiring dialysis, amputation, or even death.

Tight glucose control: keep your blood sugar level within the suggested range every day. The only way to do this is through a combination of regular blood sugar checks, a balanced diet low in simple sugars and fat and high in complex carbohydrates and fiber, and appropriate medical treatment.

Drink an adequate amount of water and avoid taking too much salt.

Take care of your skin. Keep it supple and hydrated to avoid sores and cracks that can become severely infected.

Brush and floss your teeth every day. See your dentist regularly to prevent gum disease.

Wash and examine your feet every day, looking for small cuts, sores, or blisters that may cause problems later. You should file rather than cut your toenails to avoid damaging the surrounding skin.

Immunization – none

where is it most commonly found?

India has the most people with diabetes

African Americans and Native Americans, Hispanics and Asians are most prone for the disease